An exterior autocalibration method without relying on ground control points (GCPs) was proposed based on the analysis of the errors of exterior orientation elements affecting positioning accuracy. The character that the positioning error caused by pitch angle and roll angle is equal in value but opposite in sign is used as the foundation of the method. Moreover, the proposed method can be verified by the simulation data. Experimental results show that errors of exterior orientation elements can be compensated and geometric accuracy can be effectively improved without relying on GCPs.